Thursday, October 31, 2019

Strategic Analysis and Choice Invastigation Essay

Strategic Analysis and Choice Invastigation - Essay Example This is done through strategic management in order to contemplate its resources and exploit its opportunities. An example of organization facing these challenges is the coca-cola company, which is a multinational company. This paper will give an analysis of its strategic choices as the company strives to compete with others to win the majority of the customers. Coca-cola Company is one of the most successful companies that need to lay down some fundamental strategies in order to promote its growth and sustainability. It is the leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage in the world. The company believes that consumers are the life of their business. It operates in more than two hundred countries with four hundred brands. These brands include water, juice drinks, coffees, teas, sports drinks, energy drinks, diet beverage and many others. They connect to future consumer by providing high quality products. Their employees are skilled and the materials they use are of high quality. The Company can collaborate with other bottling organizations to venture into many countries with maximizing value through affordable price and volume approach. In order to develop its marketing strategies, the company has integrated its operations into a single unit. This has been done through management approaches that enable the company to realize the business objectives and promote quality customer relationship. The marketing strategies are essential to fulfill the vision in the future and to fulfill the need for a complete drink taste in all the countries. They have successfully communicated to the market status for the required development of the company in many countries since the company has produced excellent operating revenues as it continue to outpace the cola soft-drinks. Its top management has promoted increase in sales and market shares with strong business presentation (Daniel, Wassell, & Gilligan 1999, 46-8). The new marketing platform 'Real' coca- cola will help in enhancing the image of the brand, especially among teens and adults worldwide through reinforcing a genuine connection to the customers and partnership of other sectors. The enhanced brand will provide better market opportunities for their products and hence the company will create enthusiasm for their business partners and retailers. They have also customized flavors and packaging styles with the brand maintaining the premium price comparative to the competitive brands. Good marketing strategies and planning are essential for the company's development so that the company gives its best to their business in its totality. Quality management would ensure that the company is well-positioned hence meet the customers' needs and continue to experience strong growth through new goods and stretched distribution. Coca- cola may highlight their operating sector to work with other partners like bottling partners in order to accomplish the price strategies that would reinforce their financial results, provide customers with choices that would satisfy their needs and deliver value for the consumers. The coca- cola company can integrate the possible required steps for the development of effective strategies that is responsive to the needs of the customers worldwide. Their perfect structure reflects the way

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world; these latter effects are currently causing global warming, and climate change is often used to describe human-specific impacts. Causes of climate change Natural causes Continental drift You may have noticed something peculiar about South America and Africa on a map of the world dont they seem to fit into each other like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle? About 200 million years ago they were joined together! Scientists believe that back then, the earth was not as we see it today, but the continents were all part of one large landmass. Proof of this comes from the similarity between plant and animal fossils and broad belts of rocks found on the eastern coastline of South America and western coastline of Africa, which are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery of fossils of tropical plants (in the form of coal deposits) in Antarctica has led to the conclusion that this frozen land at some time in the past, must have been situated closer to the equator, where the climate was tropical, with swamps and plenty of lush vegetation. The continents that we are familiar with today were formed when the landmass began gradually drifting apart, millions of years back. This drift also had an impact on the climate because it changed the physical features of the landmass, their position and the position of water bodies. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean currents and winds, which affected the climate. This drift of the continents continues even today; the Himalayan range is rising by about 1 mm (millimeter) every year because the Indian land mass is moving towards the Asian land mass, slowly but steadily. Volcanoes When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Although the volcanic activity may last only a few days, yet the large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years. Millions of tons of sulphur dioxide gas can reach the upper levels of the atmosphere (called the stratosphere) from a major eruption. The gases and dust particles partially block the incoming rays of the sun, leading to cooling. Sulphur dioxide combines with water to form tiny droplets of sulphuric acid. These droplets are so small that many of them can stay aloft for several years. The earths tilt The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5 ° to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. For one half of the year when it is summer, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun. In the other half when it is winter, the earth is tilted away from the sun. If there was no tilt we would not have experienced seasons. Changes in the tilt of the earth can affect the severity of the seasons more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. The Earths orbit is somewhat elliptical, which means that the distance between the earth and the Sun varies over the course of a year. We usually think of the earths axis as being fixed, after all, it always seems to point toward Polaris (also known as the Pole Star and the North Star). Actually, it is not quite constant: the axis does move, at the rate of a little more than a half-degree each century. So Polaris has not always been, and will not always be, the star pointing to the North. When the pyramids were built, around 2500 BC, the pole was near the star Thuban (Alpha Draconis). This gradual change in the direction of the earths axis, called precession is responsible for changes in the climate. Ocean currents The oceans are a major component of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the Earth and absorb about twice as much of the suns radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface. Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet roughly the same amount as the atmosphere does. But the oceans are surrounded by land masses, so heat transport through the water is through channels. Ocean currents have been known to change direction or slow down. Much of the heat that escapes from the oceans is in the form of water vapour, the most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. Yet, water vapor also contributes to the formation of clouds, which shade the surface and have a net cooling effect. Any or all of these phenomena can have an impact on the climate, as is believed to have happened at the end of the last Ice Age, about 14,000 years ago. Human causes Greenhouse gases and their sources Carbon dioxide is undoubtedly, the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Changes in land use pattern, deforestation, land clearing, agriculture, and other activities have all led to a rise in the emission of carbon dioxide. Methane is another important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. About  ¼ of all methane emissions are said to come from domesticated animals such as dairy cows, goats, pigs, buffaloes, camels, horses, and sheep. These animals produce methane during the cud-chewing process Methane is also emitted from landfills and other waste dumps. If the waste is put into an incinerator or burnt in the open, carbon dioxide is emitted. Methane is also emitted during the process of oil drilling, coal mining and also from leaking gas pipelines (due to accidents and poor maintenance of sites). A large amount of nitrous oxide emission has been attributed to fertilizer application. This in turn depends on the type of fertilizer that is used, how and when it is used and the methods of tilling that are followed. Contributions are also made by leguminous plants, such as beans and pulses that add nitrogen to the soil. How we all contribute every day All of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this change in the climate. Give these points a good, serious thought: Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run on electricity generated mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal power plants are run on fossil fuels (mostly coal) and are responsible for the emission of huge amounts of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Cars, buses, and trucks are the principal ways by which goods and people are transported in most of our cities. These are run mainly on petrol or diesel, both fossil fuels. We generate large quantities of waste in the form of plastics that remain in the environment for many years and cause damage. We use a huge quantity of paper in our work at schools and in offices. Have we ever thought about the number of trees that we use in a day? Timber is used in large quantities for construction of houses, which means that large areas of forest have to be cut down. A growing population has meant more and more mouths to feed. Because the land area available for agriculture is limited (and in fact, is actually shrinking as a result of ecological degradation!), high-yielding varieties of crop are being grown to increase the agricultural output from a given area of land. However, such high-yielding varieties of crops require large quantities of fertilizers; and more fertilizer means more emissions of nitrous oxide, both from the field into which it is put and the fertilizer industry that makes it. Pollution also results from the run-off of fertilizer into water bodies. Effects of Climate Change Today Over 100 years ago, people worldwide began burning more coal and oil for homes, factories, and transportation. Burning these fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These added greenhouses gases have caused Earth to warm more quickly than it has in the past. Sea level is rising. During the 20th century, sea level rose about 15 cm (6 inches) due to melting glacier ice and expansion of warmer seawater. Models predict that sea level may rise as much as 59 cm (23 inches) during the 21st Century, threatening coastal communities, wetlands, and coral reefs. Arctic sea ice is melting. The summer thickness of sea ice is about half of what it was in 1950. Melting ice may lead to changes in ocean circulation. Plus melting sea ice is speeding up warming in the Arctic. Glaciers and permafrost are melting. Over the past 100 years, mountain glaciers in all areas of the world have decreased in size and so has the amount of permafrost in the Arctic. Greenlands ice sheet is melting faster too. Sea-surface temperatures are warming. Warmer waters in the shallow oceans have contributed to the death of about a quarter of the worlds coral reefs in the last few decades. Many of the coral animals died after weakened by bleaching, a process tied to warmed waters. The temperatures of large lakes are warming. The temperatures of large lakes world-wide have risen dramatically. Temperature rises have increased algal blooms in lakes, favor invasive species, increase stratification in lakes and lower lake levels. Heavier rainfall cause flooding in many regions. Warmer temperatures have led to more intense rainfall events in some areas. This can cause flooding. Extreme drought is increasing. Higher temperatures cause a higher rate of evaporation and more drought in some areas of the world. Crops are withering. Increased temperatures and extreme drought are causing a decline in crop productivity around the world. Decreased crop productivity can mean food shortages which have many social implications. Ecosystems are changing. As temperatures warm, species may either move to a cooler habitat or die. Species that are particularly vulnerable include endangered species, coral reefs, and polar animals. Warming has also caused changes in the timing of spring events and the length of the growing season. Hurricanes have changed in frequency and strength. There is evidence that the number of intense hurricanes has increased in the Atlantic since 1970. Scientists continue to study whether climate is the cause. More frequent heat waves. It is likely that heat waves have become more common in more areas of the world. Warmer temperatures affect human health. There have been more deaths due to heat waves and more allergy attacks as the pollen season grows longer. There have also been some changes in the ranges of animals that carry disease like mosquitoes. Seawater is becoming more acidic. Carbon dioxide dissolving into the oceans, is making seawater more acidic. There could be impacts on coral reefs and other marine life.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Trends Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay

The Trends Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay In short, the operating system is the brain of a computer. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because Macs works very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they also can download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to their own preferences. 5 Task 2-Presentation 6 Task 1-Report What products does my local area import? What products does my local area import? You can research one product, a type of product, or several different products. You will need to look at the current trends and how these are changing, and how they are expected to change in the future. You should look at the reasons behind the trends. You can research this online and also get information from local business or shops. You do not necessarily have to look at large scale imports in major industries it could be a small store which imports fruit and vegetables from a nearby farm. Operating System The Operating System-or OS for short-used on a computer really depends on what type of computer the consumer itself is using. The operating systems version will have to depend on users preferences and what they are aiming to achieve with the product. If a person buys a Sony VAIO, he or she is most likely to use Windows as his/her computers operating system, and if the person buys an Apple, it would be Mac because the system has been pre-loaded into their computers. A computer is considered useless if it is without its operating system. Current Trend: In Brunei, Microsoft Windows is being widely used and preferred at the moment. Reason being is that most of the consumers primary computers operating system is Windows. Thus, a lot of the people prefer to use Windows because it is what they are familiar and comfortable with. It is also easier for them to do their work since most of them-be it at school or in the office-still prefer Windows than other operating systems and they can easily sync their work without having to change their files format to suit the operating system they are using. However, the Windows users have to deal with virus prone software that are highly disliked by the consumers as the virus will corrupt their work. Even with anti-virus programs installed into their computers, they still get virus threats every now and then because when you buy a PC, you get both the hardware and software from different companies, which makes it vulnerable to virus attacks because Windows allow various types application to be download into the system and viruses are one of them. Changing Trends: Macintosh was the first computer ever produced, however Windows gained popularity because it sold itself to big companies such as IBM. The government has recently introduced Mac to students by providing public schools with MacBooks so that their students can be Apple literate. The public people, although not in a very large number, are also slowly starting to shift to Mac because they feel that it is much more secure and reliable in terms of virus handling and crashing programs than Windows because Macs applications and computers are both made Apple. Since Macs applications are made to work generally the same way, it would be easier for users to learn and navigate throughout the system. Apple build their own computers and software so it rarely crash or freeze or even catch a virus because its design. Apples browser, Safari alerts users when an item has finished downloading as well as continually making free security updates with the option of having it automatically downloaded. Future Trends: Even with the currently slow Windows to Mac conversion in Brunei, there are people who also wish to switch from Windows to Linux, but not in a very large number. Why people would want to switch to Linux is because not only Linux is freely distributed, its functionality, flexibility and sturdiness has made it the main alternative for proprietary UNIX and Microsoft operating systems. Not only that most of their software are virus free but the system also automatically updates them. Major computing companies have embraced and supported Linuxs development and it has been adopted worldwide primarily as a server platform and is getting more common for home and office desktop. Whether its a scientist, a hacker, a student or someone who wants to store everything on the internet, theres always something for everyone, but if there is not any flavour of Linux for you, you could always tailor one for yourself. You can install Linux on your computer, your tablet, your phone or even your washing machine and it will run just fine. Linux is very flexible in that way and that flexibility is what makes it so powerful and is why many labs, servers and companies use Linux. Chart: According to the survey conducted, 69% people who did the survey are Windows user, 27% of them uses Mac and the remaining 4% uses Linux. 1 out 4 Windows user, who are using Windows 7 wishes to move to Mac because Mac is much better in terms of virus handling and it is cheaper compared to when they buy a PC. 1 out of 8 user wishes to move to Linux because they are interested on how it works as Linux is a free open source that are powered and developed by the community. 3 out 4 Windows user, who are using older versions of Windows, wishes to upgrade their PC to Windows 7 because: This version of Windows has improved itself in such a way that the users can multi-task easier on it than on the previous versions. It keeps the system safe by having a built-in protection against spyware and other malicious software, and it also encrypts the entire drive. Users will spend less time waiting for their PC to get ready if they use the Sleep Mode because it is made to do so. It is also designed to reconnect to their wireless network faster so it will be ready in seconds. It has added features such as Pin and Jump List and it is able to navigate lots of open windows. Users can turn their PC into a Wi-Fi hotspot and share any kind of Internet connection wirelessly with any Wi-Fi enabled devices by using Connectify. Conclusion: In short, the operating system is the brain of a computer. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because Macs works very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they also can download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to their own preferences. Task 2-Presentation The topic of your report- what you chose to investigate. The topic is about Operating System. The conclusion of your report. In short, the operating system is the brain of a computer. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because Macs works very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they also can download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to their own preferences. The research that support your conclusion. Mac Vs. PC: Myth-Busting Guide For Consumers (http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/mac-vs-pc-myth-busting-consumer-guide/) The Benefits of Mac Vs. PC (http://www.brighthub.com/computing/mac-platform/articles/61625.aspx) About Linux (http://www.linux.org/info/index.html) Survey Form (http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VRV8K3G) How the research supports your conclusions and how you came to these conclusions. I found the information needed from the internet and from the survey I have conducted. My conclusion speaks about the consumers preferences on which type of Operating System they will then wish to choose. The steps you took to research your report. I first understand the question. Then, I thought of topic and then proceeded to come up with ideas for my report from the internet. I gathered information from each of the Operating Systems official website, except for Linux as there is not any existing official website, and other websites that compares what kind of Operating System the public prefers to use. How you conducted research I have conducted a survey on Survey Monkey (http://www.surveymonkey.com) so that the public people can provide me with information I need to complete my report. I have gathered information through the internet from a search engine, Google, to find relevant websites. How you evaluated the sources I took the relevant points and compared them with each other to confirm that what I wrote in my report in accurate. Why you chose your sources They are reliable. They provide clear explanations on each of the products. I can comprehend their clarification on the subject. The steps you took to write and edit your report. I gathered as much information I can get and then summaries the indentified relevant points and I tried to avoid repetition. How you feel about your ability and skills as a writer My writing skills are not so brilliant because I cannot interpret the things I visualised onto paper very well. Your strengths and weaknesses Strength: I have a fairly good vocabulary so it made my task somewhat easier. Weakness: I had trouble identifying key points in the gathered information. I also had trouble composing the report because of my lack of key point identifying skills. I spent too much time on thinking of what kind of information to collect. What you would change next time and why I wish to improve my time managing skills and identifying skills in written form so that I will not submit my work so close to the due date and I can ignore irrelevant information.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Greeks and romans Essay -- essays research papers

Three ancient civilizations contributed most to Western society. These ancient cultures were the Romans, Greeks, and Judeo-Christians. Although all three had a major impact on our life today in areas such Philosophy, Art, Architecture, Education, Military, Family Life, Government, and many more, it is evident that the Roman civilization has impacted Western Society beyond the other two. But to come to this conclusion you must first look at all aspects of life of all three cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Judeo-Christians were highly religious people. In fact, almost all of their contributions to today are moral principals or religious. Although Jews lived in Judea, which was a Roman province since 6 AD, the Jews continued to be monotheistic. The Romans respected this, however, and did not make them worship the Roman Gods. Around 1 AD, a boy names Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem. After about thirty years Jesus began to preach about the Jewish God. People called Jesus the â€Å"Messiah† and the â€Å"King of the Jews† Roman leaders were worried that he would cause a revolt against the Romans. Jesus was considered an enemy. He was tried before Pontius Pilate and was crucified. After Jesus died on a cross, he was resurrected and remained on earth for forty more days to preach. After those forty days, Jesus was ascended into Heaven. The resurrection of Jesus became a main aspect of Christianity. For hundreds of years the Christian religion was put down and not excepted, but during Emperor Constantine’s reign Christianity became widely excepted because the Constantine was given a message from the Christian God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many morals and values of the Christians have been passed down and still are followed today. God gave the Ten commandments to Moses for all people to follow. In these ten, three are laws in today’s society: You shall not kill, You shall not steal, and also you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. It is illegal to kill and steal. Also, lying in a court of law is perjury.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is the most common religion in western society. Although there are many different denominations of Christians today, including Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Assembly of God, Lutheran, Methodist and many more, they all are based on the fact that Jesus died for their sins and they are forgiven. &n... ...rom its tradition of law. Many Romans were farmers. Therefore, they had to understand the laws of nature. As soldiers, they had to create laws to regulate the power of some men over others. Religion also stressed laws and obedience to authority. When Rome became a city, they created civic gods. These gods were spirits believed to be in the homes of Romans. All the gods possessed the power to help man only if he served them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More than any other ancient power, Rome was a qualified empire of many peoples and cultures. Roman law respected the differences among people. The idea of Roman life, excited many other cultures. This showed that Roman society was so smart that they were confident and arrogant it would spread throughout the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the Roman Empire influenced Western civilization in many ways. Roman law became the basis of the legal codes of most European areas. Rome preserved Greek culture, the foundation of Western learning and even Christianity. All of these were spread to other lands. The world should be very fortunate of the Roman Empire. It has exploited so many great things throughout its dynasty.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

The Kennewick Man Controversy

The â€Å"Kennewick Man Controversy† has been an issue debated among scientists and the Umatilla tribe. The debates focused on the question of who should take ownership and immediate possession of a human skull found at the edge of the bank of the Columbia River. Archaeologists argued for a right to study the human skull, causing the legal battle to stretch for several years until scientists were allowed to study the â€Å"Kennewick Man†.The discovery of the skull paved the way for realizing the urgent need for archaeological analysis and gave rise to certain ethical contentions which drew the lines between scientific and cultural pursuits. In this paper, I argue that archaeological study is an immediate need that should overcome certain ethical and cultural considerations for a specific duration. There are scientific limitations and ethical issues raised by the debates over the Kennewick Man. Scientists arguing for the right to study the human skull are limited by an e xisting law of the United States: the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act.Also, once scientists are permitted to study the human skull, their study’s length will be limited not only by their scientific tools but also by the demands of the Umatilla tribe to take possession of the remains the soonest possible time. One of the results of the scientific study conducted reveals that the Kennewick Man did not fit any of the modern classifications of â€Å"race† and that more is yet to be known about the identity of the human skull (Fiedel, p. 86). As far as ethical issues are concerned, the controversy has stirred the delicate balance between the importance of scientific research and the respect for cultural beliefs.The major point raised by the archaeologists—that the human skull needed archaeological analysis in order to solve the â€Å"puzzle†Ã¢â‚¬â€came in conflict with the contention of the Umatilla tribe, which is that they have a claim to the bo nes and, therefore, it is only proper to repatriate the bones to them. On closer inspection, the granting of the permission of the archaeologists does not necessarily imply the higher significance of scientific analysis over the cultural rights of the Umatilla tribe in general.Permitting archaeologists to examine the remains only signify that there is an urgent need to study the skeletal material. The fact that the law forces the scientists to return the artifacts after examination signifies that, in the long run, the ethical considerations for the cultural rights of the Umatilla tribe still weighs more than scientific pursuits. Elizabeth Weiss argues that â€Å"the demand to bury aboriginal skeletons, not only in America but also around the world, poses a potentially serious impediment to scientific inquiry† (Weiss, p.13), to which I fully agree. While we should consider the cultural rights of native groups to their heritage and cultural property, the examination of archaeol ogical findings to expand the human understanding of human civilization’s evolution is likewise a significant thing to consider. Legal arrangements can be made in order to preserve the integrity of the skeletal material during archaeological analysis under a prescribed length of time and to guarantee the claimants of the skeletal remains that they will have possession of the object after the study.To this day, modern scientists are still seeking the humble beginnings of humanity through what is little that remains of it, from aboriginal skeletons to historical objects. When archaeologists and the larger body of scientists across the world are prevented from examining such materials from the past, there is reason to believe that it will similarly deprive future generations of knowing and understanding the past.The greatest threat is when these objects eventually get buried in time, forgotten and never to be seen again; the result is catastrophic because humanity will have no r eason to mount attempts to study human history. James Chatters also writes that most of the analyses and interpretations about â€Å"the peopling of America† and â€Å"where the immigrants came from† are â€Å"limited by the tiny sample of ancient skeletal material† (Chatters, p. 291).Thus, scientists should not be deprived of studying ancient skeletal materials once they are found. The more objects we can study, the more we can unveil a hidden history and the more we can know and explain how human civilization has evolved. Cultural concerns should not be abandoned, yet the primacy of scientific study should also compel us to at least suspend our ethical judgments for a moment and allow science to aid us understand our world.Bibliography Chatters, James C. â€Å"The Recovery and First Analysis of an Early Holocene Human Skeleton from Kennewick, Washington. † American Antiquity 65. 2 (2000): 291-316. Fiedel, Stuart J. â€Å"The Kennewick Follies: ‘N ew’ Theories About the Peopling of the Americas. † Journal of Anthropological Research 60. 1 (2004): 75-110. Weiss, Elizabeth. â€Å"Kennewick Man's Funeral: The Burying of Scientific Evidence. † Politics and the Life Sciences 20. 1 (2001): 13-18.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Universe

For this week's essay it was asked of me to write about the ways in which life observed In nature can yield understanding In our own lives. From my own observation of nature I have learned that everyone has a role to play In life. No matter how small of a creature: there is something vital that it does for our existence. In the following paragraphs I will be explaining this a bit more into detail. To make my perspective a bit more clear I will be providing a few examples. For example ants, ants are such small creatures and without doing any research hind; what ecological importance does an ant have?Honestly I can't think of any Important roles an ant may have for our ecosystem so I did a bit of research. Ants turn and aerate the solo allowing water and oxygen to reach plant roots; they are also a very important part of the food web. Some species of ants eat termites: others are the actual meal for other animals such as frogs, bears, etc. Zebra mussels are small triangle shaped shells and are usually a brown color with stripes. In fresh water ecosystems they can act as filters for plankton, by clearing the eater sunlight can reach deeper Into the water; this lets more aquatic animals to grow.Although they do provide benefits to our ecosystem they can also be very damaging; they can clog pipes, they eat phytoplankton which leaves less food for fish and zooplankton. They tend to grow on manmade structures which affect the governments and business owners financial troubles. In my opinion difficulty plays an important role in our life; if we don't experience the bad things how will we know what the good things are? I think that the hardships e face not only help us realize the good things in life but also help us learn to appreciate them.In my experience the sports adage – No pain, no gain Is true. To me It means that nothing worthwhile Is ever going to be easy. Is the gain ever worth the pain? Yes, yes it is. For example, I am in a long distance relationship right now. My boyfriend currently resides in Colorado while I'm living in Arizona. It's definitely hard to be so far apart and not see each other that often and we both make sacrifices on each ends and it's a struggle sometimes but in the end it's Roth It.As far as what type of gain it has to be In order to be worthwhile Ill have to say that that's subjective to each person. In conclusion, from observing nature I have learned that even when it doesn't seem like we have a role to play we do have one. God has a plan for us and we should trust that, also even the smallest things can make a huge impact in our lives.

Blood Donation Essays

Blood Donation Essays Blood Donation Essay Blood Donation Essay In conference proceedings of American Marketing Association Services Special Interest Group, Helsinki Finland, June 7-9 Purpose While the Australian-Red-cross-Blood-service has been effective at acquiring new youth donors, in recent years the retention rate has declined. One reason suggested for the lack of loyalty is the emotional ambivalence created by the motivational inflict between approach and avoid motives leading to defection. Method This project explored the motivations and affective appraisals of non-donors, novice, experienced and lapsed Gene-Y blood donors. Responses from 68 young Australians were gained from twelve focus groups. Fledglings Cent-Y donors were ego rather than altruistically motivated. Experienced donors felt little motivational conflict, used cognitive re-appraisal, novice/ lapsed donors experienced higher levels and used emotional suppression and manipulation of the irreverence. Indoors were unable to overcome the high levels of conflict. Research- implications Further research needs to investigate why the non-donors could not overcome the motivational conflict. The role of customer value and social capital could provide useful explanations for this finding. Practical-implications To encourage Gene-Y to donate blood, there needs to be recognition of the non- altruistic motivations for donation to inform marketing strategies. While Gene-Y want o help others, if this comes at too high a price they are less likely to ordinate. Social-implications This research is essential to the provision of a sustainable blood supply in Australia. Without establishing a foundation of donors amongst Gene-Y now there will be a shortage of donors in the future. Originality This paper has identified a new form of emotional regulation; manipulation of the serviceable and egoism rather than altruism as a motivation for blood donation.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

False Friends in Spanish and English

False Friends in Spanish and English Learning Spanish vocabulary can seem so easy: Constitucià ³n means constitution, nacià ³n means nation, and decepcià ³n means deception, right? Not quite. True, most words that end in -cià ³n can be translated into English by changing the suffix to -tion. And the pattern holds true for the first two words listed above (although constitucià ³n refers to how something is constituted more often than does the English word, which usually refers to a political document). But una decepcià ³n is a disappointment, not a deception. Cognates in Spanish to English Spanish and English have literally thousands of cognates, words that are basically the same in both languages, having the same etymology and similar meanings. But combinations such as decepcià ³n and deception are so-called false cognates - known more precisely as false friends or falsos amigos - word pairs that look like they might mean the same thing but dont. They can be confusing, and if you make the mistake of using them in speech or writing youre likely to be misunderstood. Following is a list of some of the most common false friends - some of the ones youre mostly likely to come across when reading or listening to Spanish: Actual: This adjective (or its corresponding adverb, actualmente) indicates that something is current, at the present time. Thus the days hot topic might be referred to as un tema actual. If you wish to say something is actual (as opposed to imaginary), use real (which also can mean royal) or verdadero.Asistir: Means to attend or to be present. Asisto a la oficina cada dà ­a, I go to the office daily. To say to assist, use ayudar, to help.Atender: Means to serve or to take care of, to attend to. If youre talking about attending a meeting or a class, use asistir.Basamento: You wont run across this word often, but its the base of a column, sometimes called a plinth. If you want to visit a basement, go down to el sà ³tano.Billà ³n: 1,000,000,000,000. That number is the same as a trillion in American English but a billion in traditional British English. (Modern British English conforms with U.S. English, however.)Bizarro: Somebodys whos this way is brave, not necessarily strange. The English word bizarre is conveyed better by extraà ±o or estrafalario. Boda: If you go to a wedding or wedding reception, this is what youre going to. A body (as of a person or animal) is most often cuerpo or tronco.Campo: Means a field or the country (in the sense of living in the country, not the city). If youre going camping, youll probably be staying at a campamento or even a camping.Carpeta: Although this can refer to a type of table cover, it doesnt have anything to do with carpets. It most often means a file folder (including the virtual kind) or a briefcase. Carpet is most often alfombra.Complexià ³n: This refers not to your skin, but to ones physiological build (a well-built man is un hombre de complexià ³n fuerte). To speak of skin complexion, use tez or cutis.Compromiso: Meaning a promise, obligation, or commitment, it does not usually convey the sense that one has given up something to reach an agreement. There is no good noun equivalent of compromise that would be understood that way out of context, although the verb transigir conveys the sense of giving in to, yielding to, or tolerating another person. Constiparse, constipacià ³n: In verb form, it means to catch a cold, while una constipacià ³n is one of the words that means a cold. Someone who is constipated is estreà ±ido.Contestar: Its a very common verb meaning to answer. To contest something, use contender.Corresponder: Yes, it does mean to correspond, but only in the sense of to match. If youre talking about corresponding with someone, use a form of escribir con or mantener correspondencia.Decepcià ³n, decepcionar: Means disappointment or to disappoint. To deceive someone is to engaà ±ar a alguià ©n. Something deceptive is engaà ±oso.Delito: Theres seldom much delightful about a crime. (Delito usually refers to a minor crime, as contrasted with a serious crime or crimen.) The feeling of delight can be a deleite, while the object that causes it an encanto or delicia (note that the latter word often has a sexual connotation).Desgracia: In Spanish, this is little more than a mistake or misfortune. Something shameful is un a vergà ¼enza or una deshonra. Despertar: This verb is usually used in the reflexive form, meaning to wake up (me despierto a las siete, I wake up at seven). If youre desperate, theres a true cognate you can use: desesperado.Destituido: Someone who has been removed from office is destituido. Someone without money is indigente or desamparado.Disgusto: Derived from the prefix dis- (meaning not) and the root word gusto (meaning pleasure), this word refers simply to displeasure or misfortune. If you need to use a much stronger term akin to disgust, use asco or repugnancia.Embarazada: It might be embarrassing to be pregnant, but it isnt necessarily. Someone who feels embarrassed tiene vergà ¼enza or se siente avergonzado.Emocionante: Used to decribe something thats thrilling or emotionally moving. To say emotional, the cognate emocional will often do fine.En absoluto: This phrase means the opposite of what you think it might, meaning not at all or absolutely not. To say absolutely, use the cognate totalmente or comple tamente. Éxito: Its a hit or a success. If youre looking for the way out, look for una salida.Fbrica: Thats a place where they fabricate items, namely a factory. Words for cloth include tejido and tela.Fà ºtbol: Unless in a context that indicates otherwise, this means soccer. If you want to refer to the popular U.S. spectator sport, use fà ºtbol americano.Fà ºtil: This refers to something trivial or insignificant. If your efforts are futile, use ineficaz, vano or inà ºtil.Insulacià ³n: This isnt even a word in Spanish (although you may hear it in Spanglish). If you want to say insulation, use aislamiento.Ganga: Its a bargain. Although ganga may be heard in Spanglish as a word for gang, the usual word is pandilla.Inconsecuente: This adjective refers to something that is contradictory. Something inconsequential is (among other possibilities) de poca importancia.Introducir: This isnt truly a false cognate, for it can be translated as, among other things, to introduce in the sense of to bring in, to begin, to put, or to place. For example, se introdujo la ley en 1998, the law was introduced (put in effect) in 1998. But its not the verb to use to introduce someone. Use presentar. Largo: When referring to size, it means long. If its big, its also grande.Minorista: Means retail (adjective) or retailer. A minority is una minorà ­a.Molestar: The verb doesnt usually have sexual connotations in Spanish, and it didnt originally in English either. It means simply to bother or to annoy. For the sexual meaning of to molest in English, use abusar sexualmente or some phrase that says more precisely what you mean.Once: If you can count past 10, you know that once is the word for eleven. If something happens once, it happens una vez.Pretender: The Spanish verb doesnt have anything to do with faking it, only to try. To pretend, use fingir or simular.Rapista: This is an uncommon word for a barber (peluquero or even the cognate barbero is more common), being derived from the verb rapar, to cut close or to shave. Someone who attacks sexually is a violador.Realizar, realizacà ³n: Realizar can be used reflexively to indicate something becoming real or becoming completed: Se r ealizà ³ el rascacielos, the skyscraper was built. To realize as a mental event can be translated using darse cuenta (to realize), comprender (to understand) or saber (to know), among other possibilities, depending on the context. Recordar: Means to remember or to remind. The verb to use when recording something depends on what youre recording. Possibilities include anotar or tomar nota for writing something down, or grabar for making an audio or video recording.Revolver: As its form suggests, this is a verb, in this case meaning to turn over, to revolve, or otherwise to cause disorder. The Spanish word for revolver is close, however: revà ³lver.Ropa: Clothing, not rope. Rope is cuerda or soga.Sano: Usually means healthy. Someone who is sane is en su juicio or in his right mind.Sensible: Usually means sensitive or capable of feeling. A sensible person or idea can be referred to as sensato or razonable.Sensiblemente: Usually means perceptibly or appreciably, sometimes painfully. A good synonym for sensibly is sesudamente.Sopa: Soup, not soap. Soap is jabà ³n.Suceso: Merely an event or happening, sometimes a crime. A success is un à ©xito.Tuna: Order this at a desert restaurant and youll get edible cactus. A tuna is also a college musical glee club. The fish is atà ºn. Especially in the United States, Spanish doesnt exist in a vacuum. In the United States, you may hear some speakers, especially those who frequently speak Spanglish, use some of these false cognates when speaking Spanish. A few of these usages may be creeping into the language elsewhere, although they would still be considered substandard.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Analysis - Essay Example However, in this case it appears that the church has developed a political arm, which has a firm grip amongst the legislators. Secondly, what is the purpose of the writer? The author tries to shed light on gross violations in the Bahamian society which are going on unabated yet, the very agencies designed to safeguard against this take to shifting responsibilities and sometimes taking part in perpetuating these violations themselves e.g. the police, specifically in-charge of security, differ it’s duty by pegging it’s performance on the church’s intervention. Secondly, he condemns the church over its abuse of public trust by getting swayed into primarily pubic-related issues as opposed to their divine calling to administer matters of faith. Thirdly, he serves to open the eyes of members of the society to the realization that the overall change as desired by the state-to free Bahamas of the previous year mishaps-lies ultimately in themselves as citizens. He accomplishes this by showing failures of the legislatures, the security agents, and the custodians of the society such as the church. Thirdly, we examine the writer’s tone and feelings. The author is disapproving-even critical-about the ability of realizing the objectives of state for the New Year. He begins with much hope following the declaration by Bahamas Christian Council that calls on a change of people’s attitudes. This hope gradually ebbs away into despair, and he appears disillusioned in lieu of the rot within the very council empowered to oversee the transition. He appears enraged at one point when the BCB makes submissions to the local cable network and the URCA on suitable time to air adult-rated programming. To him, it seems the council is being hypocritical by at one point rightly condemning airing of pornography due to its impact on children, yet in the very same breathe appears to approve its viewing by the adult population (White field 3, paragraph 5). Shouldn’t the council

Friday, October 18, 2019

CaseStudy Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CaseStudy Paper - Case Study Example He relies on approximation and not knowledge or skills. Evidently, a supervisor Mac Evans has not motivation and time to supervise finished products (Slack, 2005). Contrary to job description, he only focuses on the last process instead of the general progress. Additionally, a new viscosity of greasex introduced to the machine does not match the initial design. The mismatch prevents achievement of real objectives. Last but importantly, the general laxity within personel contributes to various related problems. For example, the quality control unit headed by Hamler seems to having no clue of their work. They do not have timely assessment and adjustment of filling machines and lack contact with other departments with regards to production (Klein, 1992). Greasex is a company with a reputation in the service industry. The respect, however, is diffusing due to a sudden change in production system that results to production of high pressure cans beyond the recommended limit. In the wake of competition, a quick solution is inevitable not only to find the source of the problem but also to streamline functions for high productivity (Boyer & Verma, 2010). The team will make use of observation, quality assessment and administration of questionnaires to investigate and locate problems. Job appraisal will also be necessary to ensure employees remain relevant to the production process. Based on data collected, SPSS will be used for quantitative analysis. The analysis method will assist in painting feedback with regards to the research objective. Quality control techniques will also be used to match job description against performance of employees. The main intention of the team will not only be to find the problem but also viable alternatives. As such, a design criteria constituting possible solutions, period and responsible offices will be drawn. For example, assessment and quality control departments will form priority. It is important to know whether they are

Mass media in Saudi Arabia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Mass media in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Saudi Arabia achieves control of the media mainly through the Ministry of Information, which administers the national news agency and the broadcasting services, and is responsible for applying censorship regulations (Rampal, 1994). Simons (2006) states that the three main roles played by mass media are as mirror, witness, and transmitter. This refers to the necessity for media to reflect the news, events, and situations, to observe occurrences of social, political and other interest, and to convey the information, observations and analysis to the general public. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the various aspects of mass media in Saudi Arabia, including its functioning and conditions affecting Arab mass media. 2. An Authoritarian Mass Media System The standard systems of classifying mass media are as authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility and totalitarian (Siebert, Peterson & Schramm, 1963). The Arab media do not fall specifically into any one of the above categories, but some elements of all four systems are found in the mass media system of Saudi Arabia. In most of the Arab countries the media function under different variations of the authoritarian theory; thus, of the four theories this is the one that most closely explains the Saudi Arabian mass media operations. The authoritarian governments in these Arab countries play a part in the use of authoritarian media functions. In the authoritarian system, the media â€Å"support and advance the policies of the government, which controls the media either directly or indirectly through licensing, legal action, or perhaps financial means† (Rugh, 2004, p.23). Rampal (1994) reiterates that despite political reform initiatives, Saudi Arabia remains an absolute monarchy. The authoritarian political system has resulted in a controlled press, particularly since 1958 when the government’s Publications Department was goven to censor publications. The authoritarian reg ime permits the media to discuss society and the machinery of government, but not of the people who hold the political power. This system is built on the theory that truth does not emerge from a great mass of people, but of a few wise men capable of directing and guiding their fellow human beings (Siebert et al, 1963). In the authoritarian system comment and criticism are carefully guided, and lucid goals for the community align with the objectives of the regime

Panera Bread Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Panera Bread - Essay Example The company main competitive advantage is its ambiance that serves an escape from the daily hustle. Based on the SWOT analysis on Panera Bread, its brand image is strong in the US. By focusing on its competitive advantage, the company has maintained a strong customer loyalty due to its appealing ambiance. Panera Bread core competency is its artisan foods considered the best by its loyal customers. The primary components of Panera Bread value chain include: customer service, operating performance, and inbound logistics. The inbound logistics is more crucial as it acts as a product differentiation mechanism (Srinivasan, 2006). The management should reconsider its strategic measure of refranchising its 73 stores and its attempt to augment its share buyback. The underlying reason is that this will increase the company debt level and thus lowering its future profitability. Panera Bread should instead focus on other effective measures of competing against its rivals such as Starbucks. For Panera Bread to strengthen its competitive position in the global food industry, it should focus on promoting its organic food (Gamble, & Thompson 2012). As earlier mentioned, most people are shifting their consumption pattern to healthy organic foods as they become more conscious of their health. Therefore, this will help strengthen the company competitiveness and its business

Thursday, October 17, 2019

The EU Single Market Programme and Monetary Union Essay

The EU Single Market Programme and Monetary Union - Essay Example This case has been of much interest in economics and one of the concepts that were studied is the hold-up problem. In more precise terms, the hold up problem is a term used in economics to describe a situation where two parties (such as a supplier and a manufacturer) may be able to work most efficiently by cooperating, but refrain from doing so due to concerns that they may give the other party increased bargaining power, and thereby reduce their own profits1. In the case of the European Union (EU), it was previously expected that the regional integration would be beset by problems with regards to policy formulation and implementation. The EU is composed of countries that have been in constant race towards domination in economic and military terms. Germany and France, for example, have been known to apply stringent protectionist policies with regards to their industries to ensure that their economy will be robust and competitive. If only to emphasize the point that there are conflicting interests among the EU member states, it will be mentioned that both of the world wars started in the European theatre. However, the implementation of Single Market Programme and the Monetary Union seems to defy our idea that it is inevitable that hold up problems occur in the European Union policies except in the case of UK opting out of the single currency. The Single Market Programme ... was based on the following premises: 1) the increase in the size of the market due to regional integration results to larger scale investment that would not have been profitable in member states' national markets and 2) regional integration is can lead to an increased economic growth rate and foreign direct investment2. The EU monetary union is an agreement of its member countries to share a single currency among them - the Euro. This currency is currently used by Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City are licensed to issue and use the euro3. With such diversity and differing interests of the member nations, how did such a venture succeeded in achieving its goals In the first place, how did it become possible that such an agreement was made What are the factors that held stalemates/hold up problems from occurring These questions must be answered as this paper is interested in determining if holdup problems are indeed inevitable in negotiations. Chapter 1: Benefits and Concessions The key to a successful negotiation is that all stakeholders benefit from the agreement without too many concessions. That is, the number of benefits that the stakeholder is entitled to generally determines the willingness of the stakeholder to come to terms. As Putnam puts it, 'the larger the win sets, the greater will the probability that an agreement will be reached'4. Note that number of benefits is a function of the number of concessions made. In the Single Market Programme and Monetary union, what was offered as benefits for all the member state was the increase in foreign direct investment and other improvements in the economy. Mechanisms were placed such that

Individual Report- To be effective, leadership and management Coursework

Individual Report- To be effective, leadership and management development must be aligned to organisational strategy - Coursework Example dership and Management Development (LMD) must be aligned with organizational strategy, because effective leadership aids in developing an effective culture, so that the employees and leaders are able work in a collaborative manner to accomplish the organization goals. Through effective leadership and management of operations, complexities in an organisation can be mitigated and it is also possible to build a healthy relationship among the management and employees (Burgoyne & et. al., 2004). In this context, the coursework intends to explain about LMD along with the purposes and objectives of LMD. The effectiveness of LMD and its linkage to the performance as well as productivity of an organisation has been discussed. It also intends to explain about the association between talent management and management development cycle along with performance measurement as well as assessment. Explanation has also been made in relation to training and development activities, which are part of LMD. Leadership can be defined as a motivation factor through which leaders are able to motivate the junior employees to perform their tasks effectively to attain the organizational goals. LMD can be defined as one of the major strategies, which is essential for the development of organisational as well as leadership culture along with effective management of operations. Leadership and management are identified to be similar in terms of motivating the junior employees and both required people to work together to accomplish organizational goals (Kotter, 2015). But in certain cases, leadership and management are recognised to be different owing to the fact that leadership have the ability to change the attitude of subordinates and on the other hand, management only can change the behaviour of employees. In this context, LMD is required for the development of an organisation in terms of economic growth and business sustainability in the long run. LMD is a vital concept for enhancing

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Panera Bread Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Panera Bread - Essay Example The company main competitive advantage is its ambiance that serves an escape from the daily hustle. Based on the SWOT analysis on Panera Bread, its brand image is strong in the US. By focusing on its competitive advantage, the company has maintained a strong customer loyalty due to its appealing ambiance. Panera Bread core competency is its artisan foods considered the best by its loyal customers. The primary components of Panera Bread value chain include: customer service, operating performance, and inbound logistics. The inbound logistics is more crucial as it acts as a product differentiation mechanism (Srinivasan, 2006). The management should reconsider its strategic measure of refranchising its 73 stores and its attempt to augment its share buyback. The underlying reason is that this will increase the company debt level and thus lowering its future profitability. Panera Bread should instead focus on other effective measures of competing against its rivals such as Starbucks. For Panera Bread to strengthen its competitive position in the global food industry, it should focus on promoting its organic food (Gamble, & Thompson 2012). As earlier mentioned, most people are shifting their consumption pattern to healthy organic foods as they become more conscious of their health. Therefore, this will help strengthen the company competitiveness and its business

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Individual Report- To be effective, leadership and management Coursework

Individual Report- To be effective, leadership and management development must be aligned to organisational strategy - Coursework Example dership and Management Development (LMD) must be aligned with organizational strategy, because effective leadership aids in developing an effective culture, so that the employees and leaders are able work in a collaborative manner to accomplish the organization goals. Through effective leadership and management of operations, complexities in an organisation can be mitigated and it is also possible to build a healthy relationship among the management and employees (Burgoyne & et. al., 2004). In this context, the coursework intends to explain about LMD along with the purposes and objectives of LMD. The effectiveness of LMD and its linkage to the performance as well as productivity of an organisation has been discussed. It also intends to explain about the association between talent management and management development cycle along with performance measurement as well as assessment. Explanation has also been made in relation to training and development activities, which are part of LMD. Leadership can be defined as a motivation factor through which leaders are able to motivate the junior employees to perform their tasks effectively to attain the organizational goals. LMD can be defined as one of the major strategies, which is essential for the development of organisational as well as leadership culture along with effective management of operations. Leadership and management are identified to be similar in terms of motivating the junior employees and both required people to work together to accomplish organizational goals (Kotter, 2015). But in certain cases, leadership and management are recognised to be different owing to the fact that leadership have the ability to change the attitude of subordinates and on the other hand, management only can change the behaviour of employees. In this context, LMD is required for the development of an organisation in terms of economic growth and business sustainability in the long run. LMD is a vital concept for enhancing

Groups and Teams Essay Example for Free

Groups and Teams Essay Recall a small team or group you have been a part of. Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper about your experience. †¢Provide a brief description of the team or group. How many members did it include? What was its purpose? †¢Describe the behaviors the team or group exhibited as it went through each stage of development. †¢Describe a problem the team or group encountered. What steps were taken to address and solve the problem? Was the team or group able to generate a successful solution? Why or why not? †¢Discuss the influence that leadership—or the lack of leadership—had on the team’s or group’s ability to solve the problem. What style of leadership did the leader exhibit? What problem-solving steps were taken to resolve the situation? What steps would have produced better results? †¢Explain whether the team or group was effective. Support your position by discussing goals, roles, ground rules, norms, and characteristics your team or group displayed. How did these characteristics affect the team’s or group’s ability to accomplish its purpose and solve the problem it encountered? †¢Analyze how communication contributed to cohesiveness. Identify and address how diversity or technology affected the team or group members’ ability to communicate with one another to reach a resolution. †¢Explain your thoughts on how goals, roles, ground rules, and norms help determine effectiveness. How did these characteristics affect the team’s or group’s ability to accomplish its purpose and solve the problem? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Monday, October 14, 2019

The Objectives Of Cisco Networking

The Objectives Of Cisco Networking Welcome to the Cisco Networking Academy program! This is the first of four courses designed to provide classroom and laboratory experience in current and emerging networking technology, and to help prepare for certification as a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA). This curriculum presents a comprehensive overview of networking; from fundamentals to advanced applications and services. It is based on the top-down approach to networking that is popular in many colleges and universities. The course emphasizes concepts and skills required to design networks, while providing opportunities for practical application and hands-on experience by teaching students how to install, operate, and maintain networks. II. ADVISORY PREREQUISITE CIS 120, CIS 190, A+ Certification, or one year industry experience. III. COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES This course introduces the architecture, structure, functions, components, and models of the Internet and other computer networks. It uses the OSI and TCP layered models to examine the nature and roles of protocols and services at the application, network, data link, and physical layers. The principles and structure of IP addressing and fundamentals of Ethernet concepts, media, and operations are introduced to provide a foundation for the curriculum. Labs use a model Internet to allow students to analyze real data without affecting production networks. Packet Tracer (PT) activities help students analyze protocol and network operation and build small networks in a simulated environment. At the end of the course, students build simple LAN topologies by applying basic principles of cabling; performing basic configurations of network devices, including routers and switches; and implementing IP addressing schemes. By the end of the course, students will achieve the following objectives: Given a LAN/WAN configuration scenario, students will be able to: Describe the basic concepts of how data networks and the Internet support business communications and everyday activities. (a, b) Describe the basic networking processes used to communicate across Local Area Networks, Wide Area Networks and the Internet. (a,b) Operate basic networking devices and services used to support communications across an Internetwork. (c,d) Describe the layers of communications in data networks using the 7-Layer OSI and the 4-LayerTCP/IP models. (a,b) Describe the role of protocols in data networks. (a,b) Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes at the following OSI Data Link, Network and Application layers. (a,b) Describe the protocols and services provided by the Application layer in the OSI and TCP/IP models. (a,b,d) Describe the functions and features of the Transport layer protocols and services. (a, b) Describe the functions and features of the Network layer protocols and services. (a,b) Describe the fundamental concepts of routing that occur when a packet is forwarded from its source to its destination across multiple networks. (a,b) Design, calculate, and apply subnet masks and IP addresses to meet network design requirements. (c,d) Describe the operation of the OSI Data link layer protocols by explaining how data link frames communicate between networking devices. (a,b) Describe how the OSI Physical layer protocols and services transfer data bits across data networks. (a,b) Describe fundamental Ethernet concepts such as media, services, and operation. (a,b) Apply basic cabling techniques to connect various types of networking devices to meet prescribed network design topologies. (c,d) Build a simple Ethernet network using routers, switches, and network hosts. (c,d) Establish local and remote terminal connections to Cisco Networking devices using Terminal Emulation programs. (c,d) Use Cisco CLI commands to configure and verify basic router and switch operation. (c,d) Analyze the operations and features of common Application layer protocols such as HTTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, Telnet, and FTP.(a,b,d) Use common network utilities to verify local area network operation and analyze data traffic. (c,d) Method of Evaluation (Measuring Student Learning Outcomes with Representative Assignments) Chapter exams that measure each students ability to define and appropriately use networking technology concepts and terminology to describe networking processes, protocols, functions and features. Comprehensive final exam that measures each students ability to synthesize and apply course concepts to a variety of networking scenarios. Comprehensive skills exam that measures each students ability to practically apply network, design, configuration and hardware connectivity techniques to LAN environments. Lab exercises that require students to apply course concepts and skills in order to implement LAN solutions, compute IPv4 network addressing to network problems defined by the instructor, and connect and configure LAN devices. IV. TEXT, MATERIALS AND ONLINE WEBSITE Cisco Network Academy Website: http://cisco.netacad.net Instructors Website: http://www.cuyamaca.net/cis/cisco Blackboard: http://bb.gcccd.edu/webapps/login/ Network Fundamentals course: Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide ISBN-10: 1-58713-208-7, ISBN-13: 9781587132087, Publication Date: October 2007 Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide ISBN-10: 1-58713-203-6, ISBN-13: 9781587132032, Publication Date: October 2007 Recommended Texts (not required) Not required as you are encouraged to print all of the assigned labs directly from the assignments listed in Blackboard. Materials Removable media (thumb drive, floppy) A sectioned three-ring binder with paper for note taking V. COURSE SPECIFICS Attendance This Self-paced open entry-open exit program requires students to complete a minimum of 48 classroom hours in the presence of an Instructor to meet academic standards. Self-paced education places additional responsibility on the student for success. Irregular attendance and lack of participation are key factors in determining poor student performance. The greater the amount of time and effort applied by the student, the greater the opportunity for success, rapid advancement of knowledge, and advancement through the program. Students will be expected to manage their attendance with the goal of completing at least one Cisco Semester during a Cuyamaca College Semester. Higher goals of completion are very possible and will be supported. If you have questions about recommended progress rates, please ask the instructor for guidance. Dropping the Class It is your responsibility to withdraw from class. All students who are enrolled at the end of the course must be given a letter grade. Students who stop attending and do not officially withdraw will be receiving an F. See the IMPORTANT DATES section below for drop deadlines. A W cannot be awarded after the Last day to drop CIS 201 deadline. Assignments Assignments for the class are divided into the following groups: Reading Assignments (Cisco Netacad or textbook) The material for this course is available on the Web. The reading assignments should be completed before the beginning of class. Most students will spend and average of ten hours per week reading the material. Some chapters may take more than one reading to understand. Students are responsible for all terms and concepts in the chapters covered. On-Line Module Exams (Cisco Netacad) All exams are administered online, and enabled only after the topic has been completed. There are ten (10) online module exams and a comprehensive final exam. Module exams can be taken at any location (home, work, school) but may not be repeated. The comprehensive final must be taken at school during normal class hours. Subnetting Practice tests (Blackboard: Assignments: Chapter Folders) Subnetting is one of the most important skills to acquire in the first semester of Cisco. Subnetting is also a skill that requires a lot of practice to master. There will be short subnetting practice test in Blackboard for each chapter. Students may take each practice test up to 2 times with the highest score used for final grading. Students are responsible for seeking additional help from an Instructor or Tutor if their test result is not satisfactory Labs and Packet Tracer Activities (Blackboard: Assignments: Chapter Folders) The hands-on labs are an important part of the Academy. Students may work together in small groups. Content for the skills-based final will be directly drawn from lab assignments, worksheets, and other course material so understanding lab assignments is an important part of passing the course. You are encouraged to complete as many additional labs as you wish as well as working all of the interactive labs found in the curriculum. Labs and Packet Tracer Activities submitted after the corresponding module exam has been attempted will not be graded. Additionally, Labs and Packet Tracer activities submitted more than two weeks after the corresponding Chapter lecture has been presented will not be graded. Contact the instructor of record to arrange any adjustments regarding Lab and Packet Tracer deadlines prior to deadline date. Skills-Based Final, On-Line Student Survey, On-Line Final Exam (Cisco Netacad) A skills-based final and an on-line final exam will be administered the end of the course. The online final exam will be comprehensive and all students must pass the online final and the skills-based final to pass the course (both Skills Based final, and Online final require 60% or above for passing), to be eligible for CCNA2. All labs, on-line chapter tests, and the skills-based final must be completed before you may take the online comprehensive final exam. The online comprehensive final may be repeated once for scores below 60% on the first attempt, however, the average score between the two attempts will be used in final grade calculations for grades submitted to Cuyamaca. Due to the number of students and the resources required for the skills based final, students will be required to schedule a time to take their skills based final. A sign-up matrix will be posted 1 week prior to the skills based finals. Cisco requires that the CCNA 1 on-line survey is completed before receiving a grade in the course. Incomplete grades are not allowed. Grades will be assigned as follows: Domain % Points Grade INSTRUCTIONAL FACILITIES Online Chapter Exams 10 93.4 100 A Classroom Subnetting Worksheets Tests 15 90.0 93.3 A- Laboratory Labs and Packet Tracer Activity 25 86.7 89.9 B+ Personal computer for each student Final Exam (comprehensive Skills Based) 25 83.4 86.6 B Appropriate course software Practice Final 5 80.0 83.3 B- Final Exam (Comprehensive Online) 20 76.7 79.9 C+ 70.0 76.6 C 60.0 60.9 D F IMPORTANT DATES Please refer to the appropriate official Cuyamaca College document to insure compliance with any College deadline. Spring 2010 Semester January 25, 2010 to June 1, 2020 February 5 Last Day to Receive a Refund for Semester-Length Classes February 12 15 Holiday (Presidents Day Weekend Friday, Lincoln Day Monday, Washington Day) March 29 April 2 Spring Recess April 23 Last Day to Drop Semester-Length Classes MAY 13 10:00 pm All Labs, Packet Tracer activities, and Subnetting practice tests due MAY 20 10:00 pm All Skills Based Finals must be completed MAY 25, 26, 27 Comprehensive Online Final Examination Days Must be completed by 10:00 pm May 27 Spring 2010 CIS 201 Schedule Week CCNA 1 8 week Schedule Chapter Reading 16 Week Schedule Chapter Reading Labs Packet tracers due (Thursdays 10pm) Additional topics 1 8 Week schedule 16 Week schedule Binary and Introduction 2 1 2 1 Binary Conversion Addition 3 3 4 2 Binary Combinations 4 5 6 3 1 2 1 Network Addressing 5 7 8 4 3 4 2 Subnetting 6 9 10 5 5 6 3 Subnetting 7 11 6 7 8 4 Subnetting 8 7 9 10 5 Subnetting 9 8 11 6 VLSM 10 9 7 VLSM 11 10 8 VLSM 12 11 9 VLSM 13 10 VLSM 14 All Assignments Due 11 15 Skills Based Finals 16 Online Finals

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Empathy essay- my life as a slave (capture to the auction) :: essays research papers

MY INTRODUCTION TO SLAVERY We don’t have the same limitations as other people of different tribes do. I am a free woman, or shall I say I was a free woman. I am the wife of our tribes chief –Jankay Boto, that’s where I got my surname, Boto. Before my marriage I was a Touray. My father, or Paupa, was the chief of the tribe Adance. The two tribes, Adance and Denkyira, my husband’s tribe, are in the same village, Juffure. The two tribes have been friends for as long as anyone can remember, I mean they have been friends for since like ever. That’s how I got married into this tribe. As these tribes are very close to each other I can visit my Paupa’s house whenever I want. I, being the daughter of the tribes chief, was allowed to study but up till a certain age and when that age I came I wasn’t willing to stop my studies but my father and my brother wanted me to leave school and help my mom in the rice plantations. However this didn’t satisfy me, so I oppose th is idea up till my male relatives agreed on me having further studies and I did succeed, thanks to my mom. Now I teach to small children in my tribe and they are quite happy with me. My students include my 2 children, Brima and Saloum. I do more of religion there, I teach my students about Islam –my religion. My name is Yaisa Boto, and now you will learn about my life in detail. I had a very respected position in my tribe. People came up to me for consultancy because of my high experience of life. Apart from teaching I also did some house works with my slaves. I did not want to lay a heavy burden on their shoulders, I believed in justice not injustice. My husband and I had a couple of fights involving the slaves; he disagreed on the fact that I had to work with them but I ignored him. I did not want the slaves to do a lot of work. They just cleaned the house prepared the meal and did other such things. My slaves were not treated as slave; they lived in a comfy condition, they were never mistreated. I never saw them as slaves. The only two things that gave them this name, slave, were that they weren’t paid and they didn’t have the right to own property.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

HIV Treatments and Reducing Drug Resistance Essay -- Biology Medical B

HIV Treatments and Reducing Drug Resistance Abstract HIV is a retrovirus that will constantly attack human’s immune system once an individual is infected and will eventually develop to AIDS, often a deadly sexually transmitted disease. Currently, there are different kinds of antiretroviral treatments available for patients who are tested to be HIV positive as well as patients with AIDS. HIV can easily develop resistance to its treatment through mutation each generation, which leads to ineffectiveness in treatment. The only way to continue to fight off HIV is to change treatment that is still available. Patients have to cooperate with experienced doctors by adhering to their professional recommendations, while doctors are responsible for closely monitoring the patient’s conditions through test results and their body’s response to treatment, as well as helping them to live healthily without serious damage to their immune system over a long period of time. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, commonly known as HIV, is the retrovirus that causes a desperate worldwide epidemic that afflicts human beings – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, abbreviated as AIDS. When the body is infected with HIV, the immune system will respond by making antibodies to fight against this particular infection (AIDS.org, 2003). As a result, to determine whether a person is infected, a sample of blood is extracted and the test will look for antibodies fighting against HIV. This kind of blood test is known as HIV testing. Even though HIV is the actual cause of AIDS, a person who is positive in the HIV Testing does not necessarily mean that the person has AIDS (AIDS.org, 2004). When a person is infected with HIV, the virus will gradually damage the immune sys... ...s.org/factSheets/102-HIV-Testing/html AIDS.Org. (2004, August). Immune Restoration Overview. Information Fact Sheets. July 17, 2005: www.aids.org/factSheets/470-Immune-Restoration-Overview.html AIDS.Org. (2004, September). Opportunistic Infections. Information Fact Sheets. July 17, 2005: www.aids.org/factSheets/500-Opportunistic-Infections.html AIDS.Org. (2004, March). Viral Load Tests. Information Fact Sheets. July 17, 2005: www.aids.org/factSheets/125-Viral-Load-Tests.html AIDS.Org. (2003, November). What is AIDS?. Information Fact Sheets. July 17, 2005: www.aids.org/factSheets/101-What-is-AIDS.html Avert.Org. (2005, July). Continuing Antiretroviral Treatment. Continuing HIV Treatment. July 21, 2005: www.avert.org/couttrt.htm The Body. (2003, April). Living with HIV/AIDS. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. July 17, 2005: www.thebody.com/cdc/living.html

Friday, October 11, 2019

International Business Climate Essay

1.0 Introduction Business climate refers to the economic environment in general which depicts how businesses and business activities are supported by the government as well as the lending institutions. Business climate is also a reflection of the attitude of the labor unions toward inflation rates, taxation rates, employers and other issues which affect business activities   in a given region or country. Switzerland ranks the most attractive country in terms of having the most conducive international business climate which has attracted tremendous investments and highly skilled labor from all over the globe. The country enjoys a safe and stable working environment and most small and medium enterprises are located in the Greater Geneva Berne area (GGBa) which has an excellent international business track record (ggba-switzerland.ch, n.d). Switzerland experienced one of the weakest economies in the Western Europe in the 1990s during which the annual GDP growth averaged 0% between the years 1991 and 1997. A gradual economic growth was witnessed in the beginning of late 1997 and it reached a peak in 2000 with a GDP of 3%. Between 2001 and 2003, the economic growth slowed down but began to grow at 2.5% per annum since the year 2004 until the latest global economic crises which have had a great impact on its economic growth (state.gov, 2010). Being at the heart of Europe, Switzerland is a hub for the crucial communication systems which are indispensable in the industrial Europe. Therefore, the expansive modern and reliable infrastructure encompassing the country facilitates an extremely high number of international and local business activities. The good international business climate of the country has been influenced by several factors which entails economic, cultural, legal, and political issues. It is therefore the obj ective of this paper to discuss these issues with reference to Switzerland as a country. 2.0 Economic Climate Trade is the backbone of Switzerland’s prospering economy which has made its per capita income be among the highest globally. International climate highly favors the export markets upon which the country depends for generating enormous income while at the same time facilitating the imports of raw materials which are essential for the expansion of the range of goods and services available in the economy. Economic climate is also made better by the liberal trade and investment policies which has attracted many investors in addition to the well defined commercial law and well developed legal system. Switzerland is a member of several international economic organizations including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and The World Bank (state.gov, 2010). Important sectors of the economy include tourism, engineering, banking and insurance which have a heavy influence in the economic policies of the country. The existing trading companies enjoy unique expertise from Far East, Africa, Middle East and Eastern Europe. The highly developed tourism industry gives the country’s market the   opportunity to trade in services and equipment related to tourism. The export industry provides the economy with about half of the country’s corporate earnings with the largest trading partner being the European Union. The trade and economic barriers between Switzerland and the EU are minimal hence facilitating more business activities. The U.S   is a major export destination of products from Switzerland and also a major source of imports of raw materials for the country. U.S is the second-largest importer of Swiss goods after Germany and also is the largest foreign investor in Switzerland (state.gov, 2010). 3.0 Legal Climate The business regulatory system in Switzerland is highly transparent and regulations affecting the activities of both local and international investors are applied with no discrimination. Previously, cartels were common in the economy whereby companies in various industrial and service sectors through industrial and trade associations organized themselves into vertical and horizontal cartels. The new law governing the formation of cartels ensures that such cartels do no harm to the society and the economy. The adoption of this law which includes the authority to stop anti-competitive behavior without prior warning has facilitated an extra GDP growth of 0.5-0.8% per annum following the reduction of harmful cartels (Dimireva, 2010). The legal system governing international and local business activities has propagated an efficient capital markets and   portfolio investment. One of the largest markets for foreign borrowers is the Swiss franc dominated foreign bond market and generally there are no restrictions on the sale or purchase of   foreign equities and currencies. Forward transactions between Swiss nationals and foreigners can be carried out at the prevailing market rates. The liberal market of Switzerland is protected from being misused as a platform for criminal activity and money laundering by regulations which serve to adjust particular aspects of portfolio investment. A good example is the signing of OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1997 which started operating in 2000 (Dimireva, 2010). The effective legal and policy framework of Switzerland has excelled in combating corruption which if unchecked can adversely impact the international business climate. Following implementatation of laws deterring corruption, for instance the U.S firms which have invested in Switzerland have not issued any complaints about cases of corruption. There are highl y effective investigative and enforcement mechanisms which deals with any domestic corruption and this has attracted more international investors who have developed confidence in the Swiss economy. 4.0 Political Climate The Swiss political system is highly stable and effective since both the county and state government bodies possess high levels opf control. The system has been structured in such a way that all the rural and urban areas of the country have access to government officials for requests or essential information. A referendum which requires a popular one million signatures is enough to give people the power to demand certain changes concerning business practice, the established law or the environment. One of the main contributors to the country’s political stability is the stability existing within different institutions.The Swiss National Bank for instance is a highly steadfast finanacial institution which has strengthened and stabilised the Swiss Franc. Political stability is further stabilised by the fact that Switzerland   is a representative democracy in which the major governing body is the Federal Council made up of seven persons. The government is considered to be trustw orthy and honest by the populace (mkeever.com, n.d). 5.0 Cultural Climate International business climate in Switzerland is greatly influenced by the etiquette and cultural expectations in the Swiss professional environment. In order to develop productive working relationships and successful business strategies, it is a preriquisite to understand and respect the various aspects of Swiss culture. The country offers Communicaid’s Doing Business cultural awareness courses to enhance the creation of fruitful business relationships between foreign business professionals and the Swiss clients partners and colleagues (Guliyev, 2007). Such courses are essential in ensuring competitive advantage which offers foreign business people with the ideal opportunity to comfortably do business in the country. In addition, there are a wide range of cultural and leisure activioties which has further facilitated the progress of the country in doing intyernational business. The ideal cultural climate has prompted a large number of   sports lovers, business travellers an d nature enthusiasist to visit the country all year round which has elevated international business relations a notch higher. 6.0 Conclusion The creation of an enabling international business climate is a collective task of various institutions and aspects of the society. These aspects must comprehensively address cultural, political, economic, and legal situations of the particular country which is willing to create a conducive business environment. Switzerland is a good example of a country in the heart of Europe which has embarked in creating such an environment which consequently has attracted huge investments. The creation of   an excellent international business climate may not be as challenging as sustaining it and therefore firm political, legal, cultural and economic strategies are indispensable in achieving it.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Local Development Planning in the Philippines

at the Local Level A  report  by: Sheryl  I. Fernando â€Å"Local governments do not have the luxury d of time to delay the development of their de own capabilities whic will allow them to ch achieve their cherishe objectives. ed They should help them mselves and not stagnate while the rest of the world go by. st Local governments he elping themselves is the essence of the home ru It is also the ule. cornerstone of democr ratic and just institutions. â€Å" LOGODEF,  1993 Local governments in the Philippines have th roots in the colonial administration of Spain, heir which lasted in the Philippines for some 32 years. These three centuries under Spanish 27 government were characterized by a highly ce entralized regime. The Spanish Governor General in Manila actually governed the provinces and cities in the whole country. After Spain, the US d came in the early 1900s and Filippinized local government administration. The last 50 years of the present century saw several develo pments towards decentralization. The Local Autonomy Act of 1959, the passage of the Barrio Charter and the Decentralization Act o of 1967 were all incremental national legisla ations in response to the clamour for a self? rule concept. The Philippine Constitutions of 1972 and 1987 also significantly influenced the movement for political devolution.The most significant constitutional provisions (Article 10 on Local Government) are the following: s The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of s decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative n and referendum allocate among the different local government m, units their powers, responsibilities and resources and provide for the qualificati ions, election, appointment, removal, terms, salaries, power functions and duties of local officials and all rs, other matters relating to the organization and opera tion of the r local units†. The legislative initiative promoting local auto onomy was strongly supported by academics and public servants who spearheaded the nec cessary reforms in changing the structure and organization of local governments and includ new functions to enable local governments to ded address a changing environment. The strugg for decentralization that lasted more than 50 gle years culminated in the passage of the Loca Government Code in October 1991.The Local al Government Code is a most comprehensiv document on local government touching on ve structures, functions and powers, including tax xation and intergovernmental relations. † unescap. org According  to  Panadero (2008)  the  dece entralization  of  governance  was  influenced   by  local  Ã‚  and  international  events  (see  Figure e  1). He  also  added  that  at  the  International Internat tional  Events POSITIVE ? Technological Advances ? Globaliz ation crisis ? Trade/Investment liberalization ? Poverty focus flu) Political †¢ 3  changes  in   administration †¢ EDSA  II  &  III †¢ Increase  Insurgency †¢ Terrorism †¢ Charter  Change †¢ Political  Uncertainty NEGATIVE ?Episodes of world economic Slowdown & economic ? Rising oil prices ? Terrorism ? Heath problems (e. g. SARS, Eco onomic †¢ Boom  bu ust  economic   growth/cr rises †¢ Liberaliza ation/   Deregular rization   Policies †¢ Rising  Ur rbanization †¢ OFW  Deployment †¢ Fiscal  &  d debt  problems DECENT TRALIZATION Social †¢ Persistent  poverty †¢ Lower  budget   allocation For  social  services †¢ Rising  inequality †¢ Disasters Figure  1. Economic,  Social  &  Political  Environme ent  in  the  Last  Years  of  Decentralization level, globalization has the most pervasive influence on the decentralization, which was haste ned by trade and investment liberalization and technological advances.On the Social Sector, there was a focus on the reduction of poverty; on the Economic Sector, the new international issues such as terrorism had positive and negative impacts at the local level, while the economic scenario at the national level significantly shaped local development. The national government in the 1990 sought to upgrade local government by 0s delegating some limited powers to local su ubdivisions and by encouraging people to participate in community affairs. Local auto onomy was balanced, however, against the need to ensure effective political and admin nistrative control from Manila, especially in those areas where communist or Muslim ins surgents were active. During Marcos's authoritarian years (1 1972? 86), a Ministry of Local Government was instituted to invigorate provincial, mu unicipal, and barangay governments.But, Marcos's real purpose was to establish lin of authority that bypassed provin cial nes governments and ran straight to Malacanang. All local officials were beholden to Marcos, who could appoint or remove any provincial governor or town mayor. Those administrators who delivered the votes Marcos asked for were rewarded with community development funds to spend any way they liked. y After the People's Power Revolution, the new Aquino government decided to replace all the local officials who had served Marcos. Corazon Aquino delegated this task to her political ally, Aquilino Pimentel. Pimentel named officers in charge of local governments all across the nation. They served until the first local elections were held under the new constitution on January 18, 1988.Local officials elected in 1988 were to serve until June 1992, under the transitory clauses of the new constitution. Thereafter, terms of office were to be three years, with a three? term limit. Local government units (LGUs) are territo orial political subdivisions of the Philippines that include provinces , cities, municipalities and barangays (the smallest political unit in the country). Because local government officials ar voted into power by the people, their primary re role is people's welfare. Their offices are the major institutions responsible for the e coordination, overseeing and monitoring of dev velopment projects at the local level.The devolution of significant powers and functions formerly held by national line agencies mmunity development and poverty alleviation in to LGUs made them powerful conduits for com the countryside. Among the responsibilities tr ransferred to the LGUs were agriculture, health, social services, environment and natural resources, maintenance of local infrastructure facilities (such as farm? to? market roads, bridges and irri igation) and others. Local legislative powers such as decision? making, resource allocation, rule? m making and enforcement of laws related to these powers were also delegated to LGUs. Governor  Lilia  G. Pineda  meets   with  barangay  officials  of  flooded? municipalities  in  the  province  as  she  instructs  them  to  further   intensify  their  efforts  in  ensuring  the  welfare  and  safety  of  their  r respective  constituents. Board  Member  Cris Garbo,  Provincial   Social  Welfare  and  Development  Officer  (PSWDO)  Elizabeth  Bayb bayan and  Agriculture  Consultant  Roy  Imperial  join  the  meeting  of   the  local  officials. (Photo  by  Jun  Jaso,Pampanga PIO) The planning process in starts at the barangay level. Plans are prepared by the Barangay Council, and then adopted by the Barangay Development Council, composed of barangay y officials elected by the people (Figure 2). Gene erally, barangay officials have completed only the elementary levels of schooling, and have little or no training in development? related activities.Hence, barangay development plans usually consist o nly of lists of projects that focus mainly c on the infrastructure facilities that are the most obvious and easiest to identify. Some communities do have better planning processe but these are rare. es, Level National Planning  Institutions National  Economic  Development   Authority  (NEDA),  Central  Office Regional NEDA,  Ã‚  Regional  Office Provincial Provincial  Planning  and   Development  Office  (PPDO) Municipal Municipal  Planning  and   Development  Office  (MPDO) Barangay Figure  2. Planning  process  and  institutions  in  the  Philippines Barangay  Council/ Sangguniag Barangay Barangay development plans are submit tted to the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO), which comes under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Mayor.The MPDO is in charge of planning activities at the municipa level. Generally, the MPDO consolidates the al â€Å"shopping lists† of projects and prioritizes them in accordance with the plans of the municipality. Before this consolidated plan bec comes the official Municipal Development Plan, it must first be adopted by the Municipal Develo opment Council. From the municipal level, plans are forwarded to the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) where they are again D consolidated and prioritized on the basis of the province's own particular plans. e The provincial development plans are also reviewed by the Provincial Development Councils before adoption.They are then sub bmitted to the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Regional Office, which cons solidates all the provincial plans and prioritizes them, based on regional importance. The plans should also be reviewed by the Regional p Development Councils before adoption. The plans are then forwarded to the NEDA Central Office Inter? Cabinet Coordinating Committee for consideration, together with the priorities of f the various government line agencies. Based on the national thrust s and priorities, the projects o that are selected are then consolidated and included in the National Medium? Term Development Plan. The Local Government Code (LGC) man ndates the LGUs with significant local planning functions.In particular, Section 106 of the Code provides that â€Å"each LGU shall have e comprehensive multi? sectoral development pla to be initiated by its development council and an approved by its Sanggunian. The institutional responsibilities for plan formulation, e financing and implementation are likewise clearly g, prescribe by the Code: ed ? The Loc Development Plan (LDP) shall be prepared by the cal Local Development Council (LDC); P ? The LDP will be approved by the Sanggunian; ? Funds for the development plan shall be allocated by the Local Fin nance Committee (LCF); and ? The Loc Chief Executive (LCE), together with the executive cal departm ments, will implement the development plan. This case study highlights the experience of undertaking a Priority e Implementation Partnership on incorporating disaster risk impact assessments into the construction of new roads in the Philippines, implemented by the National Disa aster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with support from Asian Disaster Preparedness Cent (ADPC), UN International Strategy ter for Disaster Reduction (UN/I ISDR) and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). † Towards Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into the Planning Process of Road Construction Safer Roads A Priority Implementation Partnership between the National Disaster Coordinating Council and the Department of Public Works and Highways, Philippines Under the Regional Consultative Committee on Disaster Management (RCC) Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development in Asia Road Sector a priority for mainstreaming disaster risk reductionBACKGROUND The Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) on Disaster Management under its program on Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development (MDRD) have identified Roads and Infrastructure, Agriculture, Education, Health, Housing and Financial Services as priority sectors to initiate mainstreaming disaster risk reduction . With the massive infrastructure development in Asia underpinned by the investment in highways, roads and bridges, prioritizing the Road Sector is certainly a necessity. In the RCC which comprises of heads of the National Disaster Management Offices of 26 Asian Countries, members had submitted expression of interest (EoI) to mainstream of disaster risk reduction into particular sectors depending on the development priorities of their country.The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) of the Philippines which is a member of the RCC expressed interest in taking-up MDRD into road sector in partnership with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the agency responsible for national road construction in the country. Accordin gly in the first quarter of 2006, the Priority Implementation Partnership for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into the planning process of road construction in the Philippines was started by NDCC and DPWH. The partnership was technically supported by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) with financial support from UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) through Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). ource: Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters – Manila Observatory/Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Floods and earthquakes make the road system in the Philippines prone to landslides, road slips, embankment scouring and other sediment related disasters. Roads are often closed for several days when hit by such disasters causing disruption in transportation services that affects the access of passengers, goods and services. The impact of flooding and typhoons in creating havoc to the c ountry’s economy as well as to damage to property is recognized in the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan of 2001-2004 and accordingly the DPWH has also aligned its policies and strategies.Priority Implementation Partnership (PIP) – a Process towards mainstreaming disaster risk reduction Similar to other countries, the Road sector in the Philippines also works in close collaboration with various government departments like Planning, Finance, Environment and Local Government. While the development of national roads (30,000 km of length) is under the jurisdiction of DPWH, the remaining road network (172,000 km of length) falls under the concern of local government units. In addition, road projects are based on area development plans produced by the National Economic Development Agency (NEDA) and the Regional Development Councils (RDC). Similarly the feasibility reports prepared for each road project undergoes an environmental and a social impact assessment led by th e Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).In order to mainstream disaster risk reduction, further collaboration is required with NDCC and technical agencies responsible for producing hazard information related to natural disasters like the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). A MULTI-AGENCY TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP TAKES THE LEAD With this understanding, the PIP formed a technical working group of the NDCC at the beginning with multi-agency membership to steer the process of implementation of mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into the planning process of road construction. procedure of road planning and identifying the windows of opportunity to introduce disaster risk reduction.Accordingly the scope of activities was detailed as follows: †¢ Documentation of existing procedure for development of road projects with respect to hazards; Documentation of contents of pre feasibility/ feasibility report of road projects in the country over the past 20 years; Analysis of past damage to road infrastructure; Identification of specific steps that can be taken for incorporating hazard considerations in project development and approval process; List of future priority projects for construction of roads in the Philippines. †¢ PIP Technical Working Group comprises: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Chairperson; Planning service, DPWH Co-chairperson; Planning division, NDCC Members Bureau of research and standard, DPWH Bureau of design and bridge division, DPWH Philippines Institute of Civil Engineer Department of Environment and Natural Resources Philippines Institute of Volcanology and SeismologyPhilippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Asian Disaster Preparedness Center †¢ †¢ †¢ The technical working group met frequently over the PIP implementat ion period to look at the mentioned activities above and developed the final report which details recommendations for integrating DRR into the planning process of new road construction in the Philippines. BROADER CONSULTATION PIP LOOKED INTO The technical working group engaged in consultation and decided on the following activities for initiating mainstreaming. Since it was realized that the ultimate aim of mainstreaming could only be achieved by bringing change in the entire system, which road projects are developed, designed, constructed and maintained.Hence this particular partnership would emphasize on understanding the existing The findings of the PIP were shared during a national workshopheld in February 2007, in which a wide range of stakeholders particpated including the Government, technical agencies, UN agencies and the Asian Development Bank. The recommendations were discussed in detail and future steps were identified. The Project Development of a typical infrastructure project in DPWH follows a cyclic process consisting of four phases: Project identification, Project preparation, Project implementation and Project operation and evaluation. consolidated form, with limited access to detailed report on damages and their corresponding costs. Also of equal importance is to benchmark hazard intensities with their Return periods/Damages.This is particularly difficult due to: lack of updated topographic maps at 1:5,000 or higher resolution, a sparse network of hazard monitoring stations (seismic and flood) as well as short monitoring period and limited processed data on hazards. The following key documents were collected during the project to conduct the analysis: †¢ Standard Terms of Reference for Strategic Environment Assessment for Plans and Programmes Standard Report Format for Strategic Environment Assessment for Plans and Programmes Sample of Damage Report DPWH District Office Sample of Consolidated Damage Report by NDCC Sample of Bridge condit ion Inspection Form Sample of Pre- Feasibility and Feasibility Reports of Road projects starting 1984 List of future projects of DPWHAfter the projects are identified, feasibility studies are conducted which includes investigations and analysis to determine the extent and degree of desirability of a project against technical, economic, social, environmental, financial and operational aspects. As part of this project, sample feasibility reports over last 20 years were analysed in terms of content and it was realized that the structure of the report largely depends on the source of funding of the project. Typically due to lack of funding for construction of national road projects, DPWH administers a basic feasibility study, but for foreign-assisted projects the assessment process is more in-depth and extensive.However, it was noted that post 2000, the feasibility reports do tend to include a section on â€Å"Review of hazard specific threats on road sections† though it is prima rily limited to protecting the road segments from geological hazards such as landslides and debris fall. In addition, DPWH feasibility study includes an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The EIA report structure considers the impact of hazards by defining an â€Å"environmentally critical area† of the project site where it is frequently visited by the natural hazards. However, it does not explicitly provide details on how to address natural hazard vulnerability and risks to infrastructure and the consequent impact from its damage or failure.Similarly, Cost-benefit analysis cover only the planned use of the facility and does not factor in other costs (risk based cost) arising from potential damage or possible failure of the structure to function to a certain event. Assessment of damages to roads affected by a natural disaster is carried-out by DPWH at the district level. There is no fixed format followed for collecting information needed for the assessment and the reports are directly sent to NDCC for the preparation of an overall disaster assessment report. Hence, it becomes difficult to trace these records at the regional or central offices of the DPWH. Similarly the damage information of past disasters available from NDCC is in a †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢It is also realized that since mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction involves a broad range of stakeholders, interrelated plans and programs, disaster risk reduction concerns need to be linked with ongoing projects of DPWH such as: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The earthquake rehabilitation program and similar seismic vulnerability assessments DPWH national roads improvement and management program, Phase II DPWH road maintenance investment programs The study on the nationwide flood risk assessment and the flood mitigation plan for the selected areas in the Philippines Technical Assistance for risk assessment and management Benefit monitoring and evaluation of selected r oads, Phase II, ADB Capacity Building Study on risk management for sediment related disaster on selected national highways Similarly close linkage needs to be established with the ongoing project of NDCC in partnership with UNDP on Hazard Mapping and Assessment for effective community-based disaster risk management (READY). †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢KEY FINDINGS †¢ DPWH adopts a basic â€Å"one size fits all† format for feasibility studies of road projects that does not specifically require assessment of disaster risks. During detailed design, disaster risk reduction aspects are incorporated into the project if required. Mostly national budgets do not provide funds for surveys and investigations at the feasibility study stage, and it is therefore unusual for disaster risk reduction measures to be incorporated at early stages of project preparation. Externally funded projects are prepared to higher standards, particularly in relation to environmental assessments (whe re disaster risk aspects are described if required by the particular agency) and resettlement planning.There is uneven application of building codes and design standards between national and local roads. Absence of one fixed format for collecting information on damage to roads and bridges from natural hazards prepared by district-level offices. Hydrological data are available for major river basins in the Philippines but these information have not uniformly been processed to provide flow/stage relationships for different return periods, which could be used for road design. Learning The key to successful integration of disaster risk reduction on road projects lies in the planning phase of the project cycle which includes project identification and preparation of the feasibility study.Assessing the possible impact on the project of natural disasters or other hazards at this stage means that the appropriate risk reduction measures can be included in the scope, layout and arrangement of the project’s major components—and that these measures will be allowed for in the cost estimate. If such measures are not included at the planning phase, their inclusion at the later stages is unlikely, or could be costly and inconvenient (i. e. possibly requiring a supplementary budget). Attempting to include risk reduction measures at the design stage (after major elements of the project have been decided and the budget has been allocated) cannot adequately satisfy the need for disaster risk reduction. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Recommendations DPWH needs to have a standard on project identification and preparation procedures to eliminate quality discrepancies between nationally and externally funded projects and to pave the way for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in road projects. Feasibility reports should include assessments of the impact of potential disasters. An enhanced natural hazard/impact assessment component should be included in the EI A for nationally-funded and foreign-assisted projects The existing system for monitoring road needs to be improved to allow for the recording of damage caused by natural disasters. Standard formats and reporting standards should be introduced for monitoring and for collecting damage data from the impact of natural disasters on roads.Capacity of staff to assess the impact of natural disasters needs to be increased, particularly at the regional and district levels. The key to successful integration of disaster risk reduction on road projects lies in the planning phase†¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Next Steps for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into road sector in the Philippines In order to take forward the momentum gained under the PIP, the technical working group has identified the following next steps to realize the recommendations: †¢ Identifying two pipeline road projects in a hazard prone area of the Philippines. The two projects would be at different stages namely a pipeline project without a feasibility study and a pipeline project with a feasibility study completed.Integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into the planning process of two identified pipeline project. Capacity building of officials from DPWH responsible for conducting feasibility studies on how to integrate DRR. Experience of PIP incorporated in the RCC Guideline on mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into Infrastructure †¢ To share the experience gained during the process of implementation of the PIP with the remaining RCC member countries, the technical working group represented by DPWH and NDCC participated in a regional technical workshop on developing the RCC Guideline on incorporating disaster risk assessments as part of planning process before construction of new roads.The lessons learned from the PIP acted as the guiding approaches for initiating mainstreaming disaster risk reduction. †¢ †¢ Regional Consultative Committee on Disaster M anagement (RCC) The RCC comprises of members who are working in key Government positions in the National Disaster Management Offices of countries of the Asian region. To date, 26 countries are represented by 30 RCC Members from the Asia and Pacific regions, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor Leste and Vietnam.RCC Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Policy, Planning and Implementation in Asia (RCC MDRD) A key priority identified by the RCC is the integration of disaster risk considerations into development planning. To initiate action on this agreed direction, the RCC Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Policy, Planning and Implementation (MDRD) was launched at the 4th RCC meeting in Bangladesh in March 2004. The RC C 5 adopted the Hanoi RCC 5 statement on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development in Asian Countries which prioritizes mainstreaming of DRR to be initiated in National development planning process as well as Sectoral development.It identified six priority sectors namely Agriculture, Education, Health, Housing, Urban Planning and Infrastructure and Financial services for mainstreaming of DRR. The program has five components for implementation: †¢ †¢ Component 1: Developing Guidelines and Tools for MDRD Component 2: Undertaking Priority Implementation Partnerships (PIP) in MDRD in RCC Member Countries Component 3: Showcasing good practice on MDRD and Monitoring Progress Component 4: Advocacy for Building awareness and Political Support to MDRD Component 5: Mobilizing Partnerships for ongoing and sustainable implementation Lay-out and graphic design by: Philipp Danao †¢ †¢ †¢The Hanoi RCC 5 statement identified the following sub themes within the Urban Planning and Infrastructure to initiate mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction: For more information, please contact: †¢ Aloysius Rego, Director and Team Leader Email: [email  protected] net †¢ Arghya Sinha Roy, Project Manager Email: [email  protected] net Disaster Management Systems Team Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) P. O. Box 4 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand Tel: (66 2) 516 5900-10 Fax: (66 2) 524-5350, 5360 Email: [email  protected] net website: www. adpc. net Introducing Disaster Risk Impact Assessments into the construction of new roads and bridges; Promoting the use of hazard risk information in land-use planning and zoning programsThis case study highlights the experience of undertaking a Priority Implementation Partnership on incorporating disaster risk impact assessments into the construction of new roads in the Philippines, implemented by the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and Department of Public Works and Highwa ys (DPWH) with support from Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ ISDR) and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). References:  Ã‚   ONLINE  :   Guide  to  Comprehensive  Development  Plan   http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/philippines/GOVERNMENT. html   Accessed:  June  26,  2012 Local  Government  Code. http://www. chanrobles. com/localgov1. htm   Accessed:  June  26,  2012   Local  Government  in  Asia  and  the  Pacific:  A  Comparative  Study. Country  paper:  Philippines   http://www. unescap. org/huset/lgstudy/country/philippines/philippines. tml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accessed:  June  26,  2012   Luz  Seno? Ani. Participatory  territorial  planning:  the  farming  systems  development  approach  in   community  planning  in  the  Ph ilippines,  1995–2002. http://www. fao. org/docrep/005/Y8999T/y8999t06. htm      Accessed:  June  26,  2012      Philippines? Government   http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/philippines/GOVERNMENT. html   Accessed:  June  26,  2012      Rationalizing  the  Local  Planning  System   http://www. dilg. gov. ph/PDF_File/reports/DILG? Reports? 2011712? ea7ba5859e. pdf      e? BOOK/BOOK:      Panadero,  Austere  A. (2008). Strategy  to  Further  Decentralization  in  the  Philippines. LOGODEF   Journal  on  Ã‚  Local  Governance.Towards  Mainstreaming  Disaster  Risk  Reduction  into  the  Planning  Process  of  Road  Construction         PHOTOS:   Gov. meets  with  brgy  officials:   http://pampangacapitol. ph/2011/10/06/gov? meets? with? barangay? officials/      cory  caricature from  the  Filipino  mind:  Bobby  Tuazon   http://thefili pinomind. blogspot. com/2009/08/cora? aquino? how? politics? of? reform? lost. html      Cover  photo  by  Sheryl  Fernando,  documentor,  Executive  management  course  for  Ã‚  PSWDOs  and   MSWDOs  in  Mindanao A  report  submitted  in  partial  fulfillment  of  the  requirements  in   Development  Management  in n  Development  Organizations Submit tted  to: Dr. Jedida  L. Aquino Profe essor Submitted  by: Sheryl  I. F Fernando MD DM